How do we organize everything around us? This is a question that many people (philosophers, mathematicians, biologists, and computer scientists) have answered in different ways. Many have created theories and models. If we take a few moments to understand the larger structure of an idea, a subject, a book, writing, or language, then we can better comprehend the whole and the parts.
Teachers use structures to think about how to teach better and how to help students to learn and to understand.
Students can use these same structures and others to improve their learning and their work.
How do you organize things in your mind,?
How you can organize your thoughts to share them with others?
How can you use these tools to organize your own writing?
How can you use these tools to represent how an author represents ideas or characters?
Teachers use structures to think about how to teach better and how to help students to learn and to understand.
Students can use these same structures and others to improve their learning and their work.
How do you organize things in your mind,?
How you can organize your thoughts to share them with others?
How can you use these tools to organize your own writing?
How can you use these tools to represent how an author represents ideas or characters?
Taxonomy/Taxonomies
Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification.... The word finds its roots in the Greek τάξις, taxis (meaning 'order', 'arrangement') and νόμος, nomos ('law' or 'science'). Originally taxonomy referred only to the classifying of organisms or a particular classification of organisms....In a wider, more general sense, it may refer to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole.
Many taxonomies have a hierarchical structure, but this is not a requirement. Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_%28general%29
Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification.... The word finds its roots in the Greek τάξις, taxis (meaning 'order', 'arrangement') and νόμος, nomos ('law' or 'science'). Originally taxonomy referred only to the classifying of organisms or a particular classification of organisms....In a wider, more general sense, it may refer to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole.
Many taxonomies have a hierarchical structure, but this is not a requirement. Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_%28general%29
Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives within education proposed in 1956 by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom who also edited the first volume of the standard text, Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals[1] (1956).[2][3] Although named after Bloom, the publication followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations.[4][5] At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners. This group felt that such a framework could do much to promote the exchange of test materials and ideas about testing. In addition, it could be helpful in stimulating research on examining and on the relations between examining and education. After considerable discussion, there was agreement that such a theoretical framework might best be obtained through a system of classifying the goals of the educational process, since educational objectives provide the basis for building curricula and tests and represent the starting point for much of our educational research."[6]
It refers to a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains": Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor (sometimes loosely described as knowing/head, feeling/heart and doing/hands respectively). Within the domains, learning at the higher levels is dependent on having attained prerequisite knowledge and skills at lower levels.[7] A goal of Bloom's Taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education.[1]
A revised version of the taxonomy was created in 2000.[8][9][10]
Bloom's Taxonomy is considered to be a foundational and essential element within the education community as evidenced in the 1981 survey Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981, by H.G. Shane and the 1994 yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom%27s_Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives within education proposed in 1956 by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom who also edited the first volume of the standard text, Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals[1] (1956).[2][3] Although named after Bloom, the publication followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations.[4][5] At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners. This group felt that such a framework could do much to promote the exchange of test materials and ideas about testing. In addition, it could be helpful in stimulating research on examining and on the relations between examining and education. After considerable discussion, there was agreement that such a theoretical framework might best be obtained through a system of classifying the goals of the educational process, since educational objectives provide the basis for building curricula and tests and represent the starting point for much of our educational research."[6]
It refers to a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains": Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor (sometimes loosely described as knowing/head, feeling/heart and doing/hands respectively). Within the domains, learning at the higher levels is dependent on having attained prerequisite knowledge and skills at lower levels.[7] A goal of Bloom's Taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education.[1]
A revised version of the taxonomy was created in 2000.[8][9][10]
Bloom's Taxonomy is considered to be a foundational and essential element within the education community as evidenced in the 1981 survey Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981, by H.G. Shane and the 1994 yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom%27s_Taxonomy
Folk Taxonomy
A folk taxonomy is a vernacular naming system, and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy. Folk biological classification is the way peoples describe and organize their natural surroundings/the world around them, typically making generous use of form taxa like "shrubs", "bugs", "ducks", "ungulates" and the likes. Astrology is a folk taxonomy, while astronomy uses a scientific classification system, although both involve observations of the stars and celestial bodies and both terms seem equally scientific, with the former meaning "the teachings about the stars" and the latter "the rules about the stars". Folk taxonomies are generated from social knowledge and are used in everyday speech. They are distinguished from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal.
Critics of the concept of "race" in humans argue that race is a folk taxonomy rather than a scientific classification.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_taxonomy
A folk taxonomy is a vernacular naming system, and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy. Folk biological classification is the way peoples describe and organize their natural surroundings/the world around them, typically making generous use of form taxa like "shrubs", "bugs", "ducks", "ungulates" and the likes. Astrology is a folk taxonomy, while astronomy uses a scientific classification system, although both involve observations of the stars and celestial bodies and both terms seem equally scientific, with the former meaning "the teachings about the stars" and the latter "the rules about the stars". Folk taxonomies are generated from social knowledge and are used in everyday speech. They are distinguished from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal.
Critics of the concept of "race" in humans argue that race is a folk taxonomy rather than a scientific classification.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_taxonomy
Organizational Structures
The study of organizations includes a focus on optimizing organizational structure. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types:
- Pyramids or hierarchies
- Committees or juries
- Matrix organizations
- Ecologies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization
Hierarchy
A hierarchy (Greek: hierarchia (ἱεραρχία), from hierarches, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another. Abstractly, a hierarchy can be modelled mathematically as a rooted tree: the root of the tree forms the top level, and the children of a given vertex are at the same level, below their common parent.
In plain English, a hierarchy can be thought of as a set in which:[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical
A hierarchy (Greek: hierarchia (ἱεραρχία), from hierarches, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another. Abstractly, a hierarchy can be modelled mathematically as a rooted tree: the root of the tree forms the top level, and the children of a given vertex are at the same level, below their common parent.
In plain English, a hierarchy can be thought of as a set in which:[1]
- No element is superior to itself, and
- One element, the hierarch, is superior to all of the other elements in the set.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical
Tree structure
A tree structure is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom. A tree structure is conceptual, and appears in several forms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure
A tree structure is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom. A tree structure is conceptual, and appears in several forms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/N-ary_to_binary.svg/2000px-N-ary_to_binary.svg.png
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation".[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[4]
Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.[5] While the hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training[6] and secondary and higher psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7][8]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation".[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[4]
Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.[5] While the hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training[6] and secondary and higher psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7][8]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg/2000px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png
Outline
An outline, also called an hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure. It is used[1] to present the main points or topics of a given subject, often used as a rough draft or summary of the content of a document.[2]
Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin,[3] may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_%28list%29
An outline, also called an hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure. It is used[1] to present the main points or topics of a given subject, often used as a rough draft or summary of the content of a document.[2]
Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin,[3] may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_%28list%29
Alphanumeric outline
An alphanumeric outline includes a prefix at the beginning of each
topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the
language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for the next level, and then
lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started
over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is
capitalized, as in the following sample:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_(list)#Sentence_outline
An alphanumeric outline includes a prefix at the beginning of each
topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the
language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for the next level, and then
lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started
over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is
capitalized, as in the following sample:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_(list)#Sentence_outline
